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|units2 = Military of ISIL |units3 = Falcons of Mount Zawiya Brigade〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Iran troops to join Syria war, Russia bombs group trained by CIA )〕 Tajammu al-Izzah 13th Division ---- al-Nusra Front〔 Ahrar ash-Sham〔 Jaysh al-Islam Liwa al-Haqq Ajnad al-Sham |strength1 =Russia: 4,000 personnel〔("Russian soldiers geolocated by photos in multiple Syria locations" ), MARIA TSVETKOVA, November 8, 2015, Reuters. "U.S. security officials and independent experts told Reuters last week that Moscow had increased its forces in Syria to 4,000 personnel from an estimated 2,000. A U.S. defense official said multiple rocket-launcher crews and long-range artillery batteries were deployed outside four bases the Russians were using".〕 Naval ships 3 Buyan-M class corvettes〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=4 Russian warships launch 26 missiles against ISIS from Caspian Sea )〕 1 Gepard-class frigate〔 1 Vishnya-class intelligence ship 1 Improved Kilo-class submarine〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rosyjskie rakiety manewrujące uderzyły w IS. Wystrzelone z okrętu podwodnego )〕 1 Slava-class cruiser Strategic bombers 14 Tu-22M3〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russia Pounds ISIS With Biggest Bomber Raid in Decades )〕 6 Tu-95MSM〔 5 Tu-160〔 Tactical bombers 12 Su-24M2 6 Su-34 Attack bombers 12 Su-25SM Fighter aircraft 4 Su-30SM Reconnaissance aircraft Il-20M1 Attack helicopter 12 Mi-24P 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russian Fighter Aircraft Arrive in Syria )〕 Utility helicopter 4 Mi-8MTV-5 Ground equipment 3 SA-22 SAM Other anti-aircraft and anti-missile weapons,〔(Главком ВКС РФ признал: в Сирию были переброшены зенитные ракетные системы ) NEWSru, 5 Nov 2015.〕 including S-400 〔 Syria: 150,000 personnel Iran: 7,000–15,000〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Iran sends 15,000 fighters to Syria )〕 Shi'ite militias: 20,000〔 |strength2 = Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: From 30,000 to 100,000 fighters (according to the CIA and the Iraqi Kurdistan Chief of Staff) At least a few hundred tanks and assorted armored vehicles〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Fears of massacre as Isis tanks lead assault on Kurdish bastion )〕 |strength3 = Free Syrian Army: Between 45,000 and 60,000 fighters (disputed)〔 – Patrick Cockburn stated that "The Free Syrian Army was always a mosaic of fractions and is now largely ineffectual."〕 Islamic Front : 40,000–70,000〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Front to Back )〕 ---- al-Nusra Front: 10,000 Ahrar ash-Sham: 10,000–20,000〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Competition among Islamists )〕 |casualties1 = 3–4 dead (1–2 non-combat) 1 Su-24M2 shot down〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Turks Shoot Down a Russian Fighter, Raising Cold War Fears )〕 1 Mi-8 destroyed〔 ---- Ground operations: 350 killed (per SOHR; by 29 Oct.) 67 killed 3 volunteers killed (unconfirmed) |casualties2 = 419 killed (per SOHR; by 30 Nov.)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=US-backed rebels, rival insurgents clash in Syria, 20 killed )〕 ---- Ground operations: Unknown〔 |casualties3 = 598 killed (per SOHR; by 30 Nov.)〔 ---- Ground operations: Unknown〔 |casualties4 = 485 civilians killed (per SOHR; by 30 Nov.)〔 |notes = |campaignbox = }} On 30 September 2015, following a formal request by the Syrian Government for military help against rebel and jihadist groups, Russia intervened militarily in the Syrian Civil War. The activities consisted of air strikes primarily in north-western Syria against militant groups opposed to the Syrian government, including al-Nusra Front (al-Qaeda in the Levant), the Islamic State and the Army of Conquest. The Russian Air Force had significant ground support from the Syrian military, Iranian Revolutionary Guards, and allied militias.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Iran Prepares Ground Action in Syria With Russian Air Cover )〕 Prior to these operations, Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War had mainly consisted of supplying the Syrian Army. Russian officials have acknowledged their objective is to help the Syrian government retake territory from various opposition groups, including groups backed and armed by the United States. The situation as it developed in October 2015 was widely assessed to be a proxy war between the United States and Russia.〔(In Syrië dreigt nu een proxy-oorlog: Rusland vs Amerika VS leveren extra wapens aan rebellen die vechten tegen Assad, lees: Moskou. Terug naar jaren 80 in Afghanistan. ) ''NRC Handelsblad'', 14 October 2015 ("In Syria, a proxy-war now is looming").〕〔(U.S. vs. Russia: What a war would look like between the world′s most fearsome militaries ) ''Militarytimes.com'', 5 October 2015.〕 In mid-November 2015, Russia responded to the Metrojet Flight 9268 crash by increasing its bombing operations within Syria, using the Tu-160 and Tu-95 strategic bombers for the first time. On 24 November 2015, a Russian Sukhoi Su-24 aircraft was shot down by a Turkish Air Force F-16 fighter jet in an incident thought to be the first time a NATO country shot down a Russian plane in half a century. ==Background and preparation phase== The Syrian Civil War has been waged since 2011 between multiple opposition (anti-government) groupings and the government as well as their local and foreign support bases. Since 2014, a significant part of Syria′s territory had been claimed by the Islamic State, an entity internationally recognised as terrorist. In the north-west of the country, the main opposition faction is the al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Nusra Front allied with numerous other smaller Islamist groups, some of which operate under the umbrella of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) supported and armed by the U.S. and its regional allies. Since September 2014, the U.S.-led coalition had conducted air strikes in Syria against ISIL, which was widely seen as unsuccessful in achieving their ostensible goals. According to Russian and Syrian officials, in July 2015 the Syrian President Bashar al-Assad made a formal request to Russia for airstrikes combatting international terrorism, while laying out Syria’s military problems.〔 According to media reports with reference to anonymous sources, after a series of major setbacks suffered by the Syrian government forces in the first half of 2015, a political agreement was reached between Russia and Syria to intensify the Russian involvement; Qasem Soleimani, commander of the Iran′s Quds Force visited Moscow in July to work out the details of the joint campaign (Soleimani′s visit was denied by Russian officials〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ъ - Иранский генерал потерялся между Тегераном и Москвой )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=МИД России: иранский генерал Сулеймани в Москве не был )〕). In August 2015 Russia began to send Russian-operated warplanes, T-90 tanks and artillery, as well as combat troops to an airbase near the port city of Latakia in Syria.〔 In September 2015, Russia′s warships of the Black Sea Fleet reached the area of eastern Mediterranean.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russian Warships in Eastern Mediterranean to Protect Russian Strike Fighters in Syria )〕 At the end of September, a joint information centre in Baghdad was set up by Iran, Iraq, Russia and Syria to coordinate their operations against ISIL〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russia, Iran, Iraq & Syria setting up 'joint information center' to coordinate anti-ISIS operations )〕 (in the newsmedia the centre is also referred to as "Joint Operations Room in Baghdad known as the 4 + 1" implying the Lebanese Shia militia Hezbollah, in addition to the 4 states). According to Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov′s statement made in mid-October 2015, prior to the start of its operations in Syria, Russia invited the U.S. to join the Baghdad-based information center but received what he called an "unconstructive" response.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russia's Lavrov says Washington declines deeper military talks on Syria )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=US refuses to receive PM Medvedev's delegation to coordinate anti-terrorist actions in Syria )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title="Это обидно": Лавров сообщил, что США отказались принять делегацию РФ для обсуждения сирийского кризиса )〕 According to Alexander Yakovenko, Ambassador of Russia to the United Kingdom, the Russian government received a similar rebuttal from the UK government. On 30 September 2015, the upper house of the Russian Federal Assembly, the Federation Council, granted the request by Russian President Vladimir Putin to deploy the Russian Air Force in Syria. On the same day, the Russian representative to the joint information centre arrived at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad and requested that any U.S. forces in the targeted area in Syria leave immediately.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Syria bombing: Russian three star general warned US officials 'we request your people leave' )〕 An hour later, the Russian aircraft based in the government-held territory began conducting airstrikes ostensibly against ISIL and other rebel targets.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Syria crisis: Russia begins air strikes against Assad foes )〕 Prior to the start of the Russian operation in Syria as well as afterwards, Russian analysts believed that Russia′s military build-up in Syria was aimed ''inter alia'' at ending the ''de facto'' political and diplomatic isolation that the West had imposed on Putin in connection with the situation in Ukraine. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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